M.S Subbulakshmi

Unit : 7

Q1. Give Details of M.S achievement.

Q2. Describe the meeting between M.S and Helen Keller.

Introduction

Madurai Shanmukhavadivu Subbulakshmi was an Indian Singer from Madurai, Tamil Nadu. She was the first Musician to be awarded the Bharat Ratna. She was the first Indian who performed in United Nations General Assembly in 1966. Most of the people known her as M.S.

General Assembly of the United Nations in New York

In October 1966, M.S was invited to sing in the great hall of the General assembly of the United nations in New York. This was one of the greatest honours for her. International audience appreciate her performance and stood up at last to give her honour. M.S has carried great music with her to international level. She becomes one of the great ambassador of India.

Gandhiji’s views

Gandhiji was spell bound by her performance. He used to invite her every evening for singing hymns. This was another greatest achievement of M.S. She sang “Vaishnav Jana to tene Kahiye” which was appreciated by Gandhiji a lot. The feelings that she put into it , brought tears to the eyes of everyone who listened to her. She has also sang “Raghupati Raghav Raja ram” and made it nation’s favorite hymn.

Death of Gandhiji

One day when M.S was listening to evening;s Radio on 30^th January 1948, then it was interrupted by an announcement: The father of the nation had been shot dead. After this announcement the song “Hari Tum Haro jan ki pir” which was recorded in her voice was started. By listening this shocking news M.S fell unconscious with sadness. She was not even able to hear that song.

Meeting with Helen Keller

It was great experience of M.S to sing in front of deaf, blind, famous American writer Helen Keller. Helen has learned to read and write as well as to speak. She talked with people through her fingertips. When M.S sang in front of her, she put her fingertips on the throat of M.S to sense the vibration or music. She appreciate her performance and commented on her music.

“You make such a beautiful music”

This was greatest achievement for M.S because world famous writer who is not able to hear can feel her music. Mostly people are praising her talent by listening through their ears but this was strange experience for her to sing in front of deaf. It was such a great Tribute for her.

Madaras Music academy

M.S inherited singing talent from her mother Shanmukhavadivu,She was a famous Veena player. M.S gave her first performance when she was only 10 year old. She was invited to sing in Madras Academy where only the most famous singers were invited.

All India Music conference

In 1943, M.S first time sang to a national audience at the All India Music Conference in Bombay. Everyone has praised her singing at this national conference.

Charitable work

M.S used to contribute her money for charitable cause. She has helped thousands of poors, suffering people through her music. She has used her money for building hospitals, schools and libraries.

Hindi film: Meera

M.S has acted and sang in one the most famous Hindi film “Meera”. The film was popular everywhere mainly for her song. She acted perefectly the role of immortal devotional poet from Rajasthan.

Edinburgh Festival

In 1963, M.S sang at Edinburgh Festival in Europe. All Europeans including expert critics like her singing. She has also given special concert in London.

America

In 1977 M.S sing in Indian Temples which were being built in American cities. Many people liked her singing. They came from different culture and spoke different language, but they can feel the music of M.s with their heart. That’s why M.s never felt like singing in foreign countries. She felt like singing in madras because at both these places she received equal amount of love, appreciation. No matter what the language is.

Awards won by M.S

i)              Padma Bhushan: 1954

ii)             President of India’s Award: 1956

iii)            Made president of Madras Music Academy

iv)            Magsaysay Award: 1974

v)             Padma Vibhushan: 1975

vi)            Universities have given doctoral degrees

Conclusion

M.S is still living in the hearts of people through her immortal singing talent. She has never give up her singing practice, even at the age of 65 or more. She and her daughter used to practice music together. She is not only good by voice, but good by nature also. It was her goodness and purity of soul that attracts people.

Who killed the Bogmen of Denmark and why?

Unit 6

Who killed the Bogmen of Denmark and why?

-by Maurice Shadbolt

Questions-

1.       Why people pass by a murder victim? Explain

2.       What is the role play by Peter Globe in solving the mystery

Introduction

The article “who killed the Bogmen of Denmark and why?”  is written by Maurice Shadbolt. The title itself is asking a question that who has killed the Bogmen. It means that this article is about revealing a secret of Denmark. There were always historians who can find answers from histories. In this article also there is one historian who is revealing all hidden truths behind the murder of bogmen. There is blind faith of cruel people which forced other innocent people to sacrifice their life.

Visitors in the town of Silkeborg

People used to visit the town of Silkeborg for watching murder victim in museum. They are not aware about the name, and past of the murdered victim. Bogmen which is found in Silkeborg was innocent. His face has made men and women emotional. They were driven by tears by looking at the gentle face, with eyes and lips closed. There was a short growth of hair on the chin.

Digging task by two brothers

There are two brothers Emil and Viggo Hojgaard, they have started digging in the twon of Silkeborg for collecting peat. But during that process they have found the dead body and then this process of mysterious investigation began. At first they have informed to Police, but there were no missing case of anyone. That’s why Police has handed over this task to great historian Prof. Peter Glob. Then this body was kept in museum after going through all physical and biological tests.

Professor Peter Glob

Professor Peter Glob is famous Archaelogist from Aarhus University. He has did investigation very carefully. He has seen that there were marks on the neck of dead man that’s why he has assumed his death by being strangled or hanged. When one of the man who is pulling the body for examination fell down and died, then all thinks that this was a sign of bad luck, as if some old God wanted the life of modern man in place of man from the past. These bodies were to be kept away from sunlight and air, so that it won’t rotten.

Other bodies in the bogs

After Second World War other bodies were found in bogs.

i)                    1942: At Store Arden

ii)                   1946, 1947, 1948 : At Borre Fen, a full grown male, died in same manner as like other bodies which are having marks of rope around neck, last meal is of grain.

iii)                 1952: At Grauballe, hid throat had been cut savagely, his face was twisted with terror.

iv)                 Same way of their death: All these bodies are belonging to Iron Age of Denmark, murdered by tying rope around neck and having last meal of grain.

Examination of dead body

Professor glob examined the body carefully. The condition of teeth showed that dead man will be over 20 years old. Heart, lungs and liver were in excellent condition, last meal is having a mixture of barley, linseed and other vegetarian things. It suggested that a meal prepared in winter or early spring season. There were no vegetarians in Iron age but still these bodies are having vegetarian diet at the time of their death. Their hands and fingertips were soft as if like they have not did any hard work in their life. It reveals their royal background.

Roman historian: Tacitus

Prof. Glob has read history book written by Tacitus in which the secret was revealed about the death of Bogmen. Tacitus has written about the custom of the German tribes. He has thrown light into the dark corners of Denmark’s past. They are completing their religious ceremonies with human sacrifice. These people worship the goddess Nerthus (Mother earth). At the time of early spring, they offered sacrifice for getting help in the early coming of spring and summer harvest from the goddess Nerthus.  They used to give special meal to that man who is going to sacrifice his life.

Conclusion

Peter Glob has solved the murder mystery with his excellent investigation.  He was satisfied after getting the reason of the death of bogmen. In this way everything got revealed about Denmark’s past.

Will farmers grow fossil fuels?

Will farmers grow fossil fuels?

Unit 8

Q1. What is fossil fuel? Give the causes for its preservation?

Q2. Why Calvin warns humans? Give suitable reasons to support it.

Answer.

Introduction

“Will farmers grow fossil fuel” by Charles Pefit is an article about the making of fossil fuel from plants. Scientist Melvin Calvin discusses the new way of making fossil fuel through Latex of Euphorbia plants. He is searching the best out of Euphorbia plants to make crude oil.

Fossil Fuels

Fossil fuel formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms. It is formed after the process of hundreds or millions of years. After passing these years, remains of plants turn into coal and petroleum.  Now a day’s people are using fossil fuels excessively. We have used all the savings of fossil fuels. Now we have to make it again to avoid shortage in future.

Scientist: Melvin Calvin

The American Chemist Melvin Calvin discovered new way of making Crude oil from Euphorbia plants. He spoke of the possibility of producing crude oil from Euphorbia in 1976, at a meeting of the American chemical society. He has also received Noble prize in 1961 for his research on Photosynthesis. It is the process by which plants can convert sunlight into energy. Now he is trying to make synthetic substance that may be duplicate the process of Photosynthesis.

His recent discovery is greatest achievement for him. He has discovered a plant that might be produce crude oil more cheaply than any other oil well.

Research on different plants

Calvin is researching on different plants to find out the best which can be use for making crude oil. One is a thin little “Gopher Bush” plant from California; another is young plant from Ethiopia. Both of these members of family plants called “Euphorbia”. Rubber tree is also related to Euphorbia.

These trees produce thick white liquid called “Latex”. This is similar in many ways with Crude oil. It contains 30 to 40percent of Hydrocarbon.

Euphorbia plant

There are 3000 members of Euphorbia plants. Calvin has started searching all its members wherever he is going. He used to give bottles to his foreigner friends to collect Latex from plants so that he can get sample from everywhere.

Calvin has also started planting those plants on his land. Tests will be carried out on the Latex to see if they can be turned into living oil fields.

Difference between the latex of Euphorbia and Rubber tree

Latex found in Euphorbia is much similar to the latex of rubber tree. It is belonging to the Hevea family. The difference between both these plants is about the molecular weight. The molecules of Euphorbia are much smaller, lighter and less complex than the molecules of rubber tree. That’s why it makes it easier to produce oil from Euphorbia by the process of refining.

Trees	Molecular weight
Rubber tree	500,000 to 2,000,000
Euphorbia	20,000

Rubber Plant

There is similar process for the cultivation of rubber plant as like Euphorbia. It also grows wilder in the jungle of South America. Brazil held a monopoly in the production of rubber. But in 1873, a few seeds of the Hevea (rubber tree) were carried out to London. From there it was taken to Malaysia. At that time the production of natural rubber was less. Scientist in Europe and Africa are producing synthetic rubber which is very much cheap as compared to natural rubber.  Countries which are producing natural rubber are not able to compete with this synthetic rubber. That’s why they have decided to use intensive cultivation method to increase the production.

Harvesting process of Euphorbia

Harvesting of Euphorbia will not be done simply. It may be necessary to ‘harvest’ the leaves and branches of Euphorbia and cut them into small pieces, in order to collect the latex. Areas with greatest sunshine may be best for Euphorbia because latex carries stored solar energy.

Conclusion

In this way the discovery of making crude oil from latex became a greatest invention in science history. Still it required a lot of work. Scientist who are experimenting in this new and fast developing field believe that this production will help to lower down the rising cost of fuels. Therefore, we can transform useless plants into valuable crops.

Science catches up with jet lag

Science catches up with jet lag

Questions:

 1. What are the effects of jet lags?

2. How it impacts travelers on board the flight?

3. How the biological clock work in human body?

Answer-

Introduction

In this era of science we have seen many inventions which are beneficial for us. But if we look on the other side then we can see many disadvantages too. Everything has two sides, one is good and one is bad. Same is the case with science. People cannot clearly see the problems that science has brought us. In this story there is disadvantages of Jet lag, how it affects human body is described here. There are so many adverse effects of Jet lag in human body because our body is cannot work properly with the speed of Jet. It can’t cope with it.

Jet Lag

Modern Jets are best invention of science which makes world smaller by flying at more than 900 km an hour. It can reach to the far away places in shorter period of time. For example, we can leave Delhi at 4.00 in the morning, eat an early breakfast in the sky, over Kabul, and be in London in time for Lunch by about 1.00 pm.

Problems regarding Jet Lag

When we are travelling from one place to other then we have to adjust our self according to the time of that particular country. For example, when we are travelling from Delhi to London then there is vast difference in time zone. Delhi timings is totally different from London timings. If you leave from Delhi at Morning time and about to reach London after 8 hours then you will expect that it will be noon time there, but unfortunately there is also morning time. Means time moves for only 3 and half hour, even if you are travelling for 8 hours. That is only because of geographical location of country. Sun rises earlier in India as compared to London.

Adverse effect of Jet lag on our body

The speed of Jet lag is enemy for our body. Our body takes time to adjust. Jet lag did not provide proper time. It makes our journey shorter. Our biological clock requires time to adjust itself. We can adjust our wrist watch easily but our internal clock will take time. We have left Delhi thousands km behind, our body and mind still seem to be controlled by the things happening there. Our body follows the cycle of day and night. The temperature of the body rises and falls at regular hours. Similarly our kidneys are also controlled during night, producing very little urine. In this way all our activities, our habits of sleep, work and hunger follow the biological clock. If this clock is disturbed then there is trouble.

Politicians, Pilots and businessman

The people who suffer from it more are Pilots, Politicians and businessman. Jet pilots are constantly moving from one time zone to other. For them it is very tough task to deal with the adverse effect.  Similarly for businessman there is great deal of suffering because if they are on important meeting in London, then they have to fight to keep themselves awake when others are full of energy. Even the politicians who are going to deal with important speech suffer a lot to keep them active.

An experiment

An experiment was conducted in England on 8 men and 6 women to check the adverse effect of high speed travelling on their bodies. They had to pass through 9 different time zones. Throughout they were given different tests like, temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, respiration etc.

Result of the experiment

When people travel from one time zone to another, their body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure etc moved away from normal and it requires many days to come back to normal. Travelling also had an effect on minds of these people. Their power of concentration and ability to make decisions quickly decreased. Emotional disturbance were also common. Men become short tempered and women become nervous.

Conclusion

Therefore our body requires at least 24 hours adjusting itself to local conditions. Nature never wanted us to travel so fast. High speed travel, which is one of the gifts of modern science, seems to be one of the greatest enemies of these natural rhythms. In old days people are travelling at gentle speed and body was able to adjust itself to local time, but jet planes which travel as fast as the sun given no time to re-set its biological clock.

Lap of honor

Unit 4

Murray  Halberg’s Lap of Honour’

By Maurice Shadbolt

About the writer

Maurice Shadbolt was a new Zealand writer. He was born on 4^th June 1932. Shadbolt wrote 11 novels, four collections of short stories, two autobiographies, a war history, and a volume of journalism, as well as plays. His first collection of short stories, “The New Zealanders” won publication in the United Kingdom, as well as New Zealand.

Murray Halberg

This story is about the famous runner of New Zealand who has won 5000-metre race at the Rome Olympic Games in 1960. His left arm was paralysed after the accident in football match. Then he left football  and basketball and took up athletics.

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           Physical appearance

Murray did not have a big, strong body. His weight is about 57 Kilogrammes. One sport writer who saw him said that he looked more like a refugee from a prison camp than an athlete. He is thin young New Zealander with the ugly, crooked style of running. It seemed that he has no muscles.

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               Coach of Murray Halberg

  

In 1951 Murray met a man called Arthur Lydiard, who became his coach. Lydiard is famous long-distance runner. He has new ideas for the training of athletes. When Murray Halberg face defeat in Olympic games in Melbourne then he and his coach Lydiard decided a new plan for all these races. Lydiard had found that most runners were in habit of slowing down a little when they were about three laps away from the end of the race; then, when they got their breath back, they would make the last jump for victory. Lydiard thought it was at this point that Halberg should make his great effort.

-          Games in the life of Murray

i)                    New Zealand one-mile and two mile race

Murray won New Zealand one-mile and two-mile junior championship. In 1954 Murray became famous after running a mile in 4 minutes 4.4 seconds.

ii)                   United States

Murray was invited to run in the United States. He beats the best runners in the United States and ran a mile in just over 4 minutes.

iii)                 British Commonwealth Games in Vancouver, Canada

In 1954 Halberg ran against Roger Bannister in the mile race at the British Commonwealth Games.

iv)                 Olympic Games in Melbourne, Australia

Murray has prepared a lot for this Game because mere stamina was not enough to win Olympic Games. But in this Game Murray became nervous and took the lead from the start. That was his biggest mistake which leads to his defeat. He was completely disappointed at this failure.

v)                  Three mile races

After getting defeat in Australia, Murray has decided to run in three miles races means 5000 metre instead of one mile that is only 1500 metre. His timing in these races was much good as the best in the world.

vi)                 British Commonwealth Games at Cardiff, Wales

Halberg won the race easily in record time. He breaks the record of Alby Thomas of Australia in this race. It was his first great international success.

vii)               Rome Olympic of 5000-metre race

Halberg has won Rome Olympic and it was his biggest victory. It changed the life of Murray Halberg because after that he had almost left athletics. In this race Murray defeats German and Australian runners. Hans Grodotski, a German was only few distance away from Halberg but at that time Halberg loses his stamina and stragth. His body was crying out for rest. But his mind and spirit could not allow the body to win. Halberg prepared himself for the last effort and won the race. He fell down into the tape. His friends gathered around his body, but there was that faint smile on his face.

-          Change in Murray’s mindset

Murray has decided that he will not run in 10,000-metre race. His desire to win was gone. Now he wants to spent time for his family. His wife had given birth to daughter. Murray was happier after hearing this news. This happiness is greater than those victories of races.

-          Charity work

Murray has decided to work for crippled, disabled children of Canada. A lot of money was raised and it was used to help these children. He has also taken this task in New Zealand. Many sportsmen joined him in this work and given fund for Murray Halberg Trust fund. Murray has changed the life of two disabled children. One of them is the boy who had lost both his feet, but ran on the remaining body part in a race for crippled children. Another boy whose entire body was paralyzed below his shoulder won a prize for swimming 400-metre in open sea.

Conclusion

The new victories which Murray is winning in his work for crippled, paralyzed children are far more meaningful than that famous victory in Rome Olympic. In this way Murray changed his entire life. He has never given up at any cost. When he was paralyzed then all his family members lost their hope but Murray has decided to try hand in another sport.  After that when he has got much fame already, decided to work for some other cause which will add meaning to his life. Now he wants to live for his family, for other disabled children in order to give them motivation.

Super trains for tomorrow

Super Trains for Tomorrow by Anthony paul

Best Railway system in Japan

Japan has best railway system in the world today. It has exceeded the speed of the fastest train of India which is having the speed of 120 km an hour only. Japan’s Bullet trains are running with the speed of 200 km an hour.

Japan is a developed country even after the disastrous attack of nuclear bomb, Second world war in 1945. Geographical structure is also not perfect for railway lines because it is made of four large islands, and mountains cover three-quarters of the land area. This makes it difficult to have a good railway system. But Japan never thinks of negativity. With positive mind and positive attitude they make everything possible and perfect.

Tokyo and Osaka

Tokyo and Osaka are very much crowded cities. Traffic between these two cities is always overcrowded. This part of the Japan has the greatest population because most of the factories are situated here. Even the fastest train was not enough because of overloading.

Railway lines in Japan from beginning

Japan has best Railway system. If an express train is late by more than a few minutes, The JNR (Japanese National railway) often returns a part of the fare to the passengers.

The JNR running 122 passenger trains and 78 goods trains every day in each direction. JNR is ready to spend more money on Railway lines even if railway all over the world facing loss due to increase in road and air transport.

According to the statement of the head of JNR, Shijni Sago

“If we cannot run our trains between Tokyo and Osaka, then Japan will never prosper”

i)                    Tokaido Line

The head of JNR has asked to his engineer to build a completely new system for Railway. Hence they have build Tokaido Line between Tokyo and Osaka. It was started in 1964. It has carried 500 million passengers saving them 1200 million hours in travelling time. Therefore production in the factories is also raised by 2812 crores.

ii)                   Seikan Tunnel

Japanese government has build Seikan tunnel to connect the two islands, So that JNR will run through this Tunnel. It was necessary because of unclear route. Trains had to be carried out from one island to another. Tsugaru strait, which separates the main island of Honshu from Hokaiddo, cannot be crossed by a bridge because it was the largest of four islands. In 1954 Toya Maru (Ferry ship) sank while crossing this bridge because of storm. Mostly bridges are swept away in a storm. Therefore with Seikan tunnel the journey from Tokyo and Sappora, the capital of Hokkaido will be cut down to about 5 hours from 16 hours.

iii)                 Problems regarding Tokaido Line

-Tokaido Line is not able to carry all the passengers and goods.

-Great noise is created by Bullet Trains of Tokaido Line.

- These trains are too slow for the needs of the future.

-Any train running on wheels cannot go faster than 300 km an hour.

iv)                 Problems regarding Hovertrain

-Hover trains which are used today in few places of France and Germany are also not applicable for Japan because of its great noise.

-It is noisier than the Bullet Trains because of the fans which keep the whole train above the ground.

-It cannot run through Tunnels because there would be not enough air to support its fan system.

v)                  A Magnetic Train

Scientists have discovered a Magnetic train which runs on the principles of North and south poles of magnet. If two Magnets have same pole they will repel each other, however opposite poles attracts each other. Same formula was applied in train system where the track and the train having same positive electrical charge or same poles which pushed away or repelled the train from the track. Thus the train will float a few centimeters above the track. It was tested in Japan in 1972.

Conclusion

This was a very small beginning, but the JNR plans to run, perhaps within next five years, magnetic trains carrying 100 passengers between Tokyo and Osaka, at a speed of over 500 km an hour. The day may soon come when trains will fly across the countryside at almost the speed of airplanes. When that day comes, Then JNR will be in first position.

Best Dramatist: Ravindranath Tagore and T.P Kailasam

-         Rabindranath Tagore as a poet, dramatist, and Novelist

About Tagore

Rabindranath Tagore was born on 7^th May 1861 in Calcutta and died on 7^th August 1941. He was short story writer, song-composer, playwright, essayist and painter. He has also introduced new prose and verse forms. He has introduced Indian culture to the west. Therefore he was regarded as the outstanding creative artist of 20^th century, India.  He has received Nobel Prize for literature. The name of his father was Devendranath tagore who was a religious reformer.

Tagore has completed “Manasi” in 1890. It is a collection of poems as well as social and political satire. In 1891 Tagore went to East Bengal (now in Bangladesh) to manage his family’s estates for 10 years. There he often stayed in a houseboat on the Padma River in close contact with village life and later on he has wrote much about Village.

His love for Bengali countryside was reflected in his work “humble lives and small miseries”. During 1890s Tagore has published several poetry collections like “Sonar tari” means the Golden boat in 1894,.

Founder of Shantiniketan

In 1901 Tagore founded an experimental school in rural west Bengal at Shantiniketan.  He settled permanently at the school, which became Vishva Bharati University in 1921. His later poetry was affected by his personal life because he has faced the death of his wife and two children. Therefore sadness can easily identify in his poetry. This was introduced in “Gitanjali” (1912) which contains English translations of religious Bengali poems. Tagore won nobel prize for for “Gitanjali” in the year 1913.  He was also awarded with Knighthood in 1915 but he has given it back as a protest against Jallianwala bagh Massacre.

Tagore as a Dramatist

Tagore’s experience  with drama began when he was sixteen, with his brother Jyotindranath. His first dramatic piece is “Valmiki Pratibha”. He wrote this work when he was just twenty year old. Tagore stated that his work focuses on “ the play of feeling and not of action”. In 1890 he wrote Visarjan (an adaptation of his novella Rajarshi), which has been regarded as his finest drama. Such works includes subplots and extended monologues. Later on Tagore’s dramas used more philosophical and allegorical themes.

-Dak Ghar

His one of the best play “Dak Ghar” (The post office; 1912) describes the child “Amal” who lives in his adoptive uncle’s home. He has an incurable disease. Therefore Dak ghar deals with death as, in Tagore’s words “spiritual freedom” from the worls of wealth.

-Chandalika

Another important play is Chandalika. It is a story of an untouchable girl. It is based on ancient Buddisht story in which the disciple of Buddha, Anand asks a tribal girl for water.

-Raktakarabi

This play is an allegorical struggle against a king who rules over the residence of Yaksha Puri.

-Rabindra Nritya Natya

Chitrangada, Chandalika and Shyama are the key plays that have dance drama adaptation, which together are known as Rabindra Nritya Natya.

Tagore as a short story writer

Tagore began his career in short stories in 1877 when he was only sixteen. His first short story is “ Bhikharini” (The beggar Woman). The four years from 1891 to 1895 are  known as Tagore’s “Sadhana” period. It means in these four years he has contributed a lot for his magazine “Sadhana”. In “Galpaguchchha” there is collection of 84 stories. Such stories usually showcase Tgaore’s reflections upon his surroundings, on modern and fashionable ideas and on interesting mind puzzles.

Other short stories

-Kabuliwala, 1892 (The fruitseller from Kabul)

-Kshudita Pashan, 1895 (The Hungry stones)

- Atithi, 1895 (The Runaway)

These stories focuses on downtrodden life or poor people.

Tagore as a novelist

Tagore wrote eight novels and four novellas. The names of some of his works are:-

-Chaturanga

-Shesher Kobita

-Char Odhay

-Naukadubi

- Ghare Baire

-Gora

-Jagojag

-Ghare Baire ( The Home and the world)- is written through the lens of idealistic Zamindar Nikhil. He is the protagonist of this story. It deals with the theme of Indian Nationalism, terrorism, and religious Zeal in the Swadeshi movement. This novel ends with Hindu-Muslim Violence.

-Gora, is the fifth in order of writing and the longest of Tagore’s twelve novels. In is about debate on politics and religion. Gora (Whitey) is an Irish boy and he is raised by Hindu.  He falls in love for a Brahmo girl.  It consist of two parallel love stories. One is Gora with Sucharita and other is Binoy with Lolita. Their emotional development is shown in the background of the social and political problems.

-In Jagojag (Relationship), The heroine Kumidini is influenced by the ideals of Shiva and Sati. Tagore deals with feminist reading and theplight of women trapped by pregnancy, duty, and family honour. The story revolves around  the two rival families- The Chatterjees( Biprodas) and The Ghosals (Madhusudan). Kumidini is the sister of Biprodas, belonging to aristocrat family. She is caught between the two as she married to Madhusudan.

Tagore as a Poet

Internationally, Gitanjali is Tagore’s best known collection of poetry, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913.

Besides Gitanjali, other notable works include:-

-Manasi

-Sonar Tori (Golden Boat)

- Balaka (wild geese)(the title is metaphor for migrating souls)

Tagore’s poetic style proceeds from classical to comic, visionary. He was influenced by Vyasa, author of Upanishad, the Bhakti-sufi sant Kabir and Ramprasad sen.

Later on with the development of new poetic ideas in Bengal- many originating from younger poets seeking to break with Tagore’s style. But Tagore absorbed new ideas which allowed him to develop unique identity. Example of this includes “Africa” and “Camalia”, which are among the better known of his latter poems.

Q2- T.P kailasam’s plays

Introduction

Thanjavur Paramsiva Kailasam was a playwright and prominent writer of Kannada literature. His contribution to Kannada theatrical comedy earned him the title of ‘Prahasana Prapitamaha’, the father of humorous plays and later on he was also called ‘Kannadakke Obbane Kailasam’ meaning ‘one and only Kailasam for kannada.

He was born in Tamil family in southern Karnataka, India. His father T. Paramsiva Iyer was the chief Justice of the Mysore High Court. Kailasam had a good education and was supported by maharaja of Mysore to study geology in London.  He spent six years in school in England and participatinf in theatre whenever possible.

After returning from abroad he has joined government job but soon quit to write plays. His father plan for him is different who wanted him to become the Director General of the Geology Departmenht. Therefore Kailasam stop talking to him.

Plays

Kailasam had written many plays in both Kannada and English. His books in Kannada Language are:-

-Makala school mana alawa

-Sikarni

-Savitri

-Sathavana santhapra

-Haninabal Kanirranu

English Plays:-

-Fulfillment

-Purpose

- The Brahmin’s curse

T.P Kailasam has written seventeen social Dramas. All of tehm deal with the common man’s every day life. His style of writing is different, some readers find difficult to read the titles of the plays because of kannada language. He uses Telugu, Tamil, Urdu with kannada and Enflish in his plays. In is known as “Kanglish”. According to him he uses real language of the common man. So his style of writing is realistic.

Kailasam uses realistic characters in all his plays. All his characters are the middle class men and women of south Indian society. Kailasam’s popularity lies in humour Brilliant conversation with rhyming. The dialogues make the audience laugh. Because of the unique theme of Drama, Kailasam becomes the great writer of India.

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-The play “Purpose’ is based on the famous Mahabharata story focusing on the incident of Eklavya, Arjun and their partial mentor Draunacharya. Kailasam puts the minor character Eklavya in center and Arjun at periphery. He gives voice to a low caste Nishada Boy Eklavya.

-The play “Fulfilment” is based on the character of Mahabharata. Eklavya, the Nishad boy and Krishna, the chief of Vrishnis.  It is a sequel to “Purpose”. The play full fledged with three acts. In the last act eklavya meets his end by Krishna’s hands.

-The play Brahmin’s curse is again based on the story of Mahabharata. It is about the tragic prince “Karna”. It is not very difficult for Kailasam to turn Karna’s life into tragic dram because the life of Karna is already full of tragedy in Mahabharata.